Sarans Essays free essay sample

The old perfect the Greeks in old occasions and instruction the inclination today work arranged training the downsides of specialization instruction for job. The old perfect of training was that instruction ought to be forever and not for job. Information was viewed as an end in itself and not an unfortunate chore. The old perfect of training was a liberal one. Understudies were required to make an investigation of an assortment of subjects, with the goal that they could make a similar report and build up their judgment and basic personnel. Information was viewed as a significant belonging which one needed to attempt to secure with much difficulty and trouble. Old researchers barely cared about making a trip to removed, grounds to drink at the wellspring head of information. They would look for learned instructors and become their willing supporters. The antiquated Greeks held the view that training needed to assist a man with having a fair and all around coordinated character. We will compose a custom exposition test on Sarans Essays or then again any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page It needed to assist him with achieving agreement inside his own being by accomplishing an equalization of body, psyche and soul. It had additionally to assist him with achieving concordance with his condition and his kindred individuals. Instruction forever is intended to make a man liberal, open minded and progressive in his standpoint. The propensity today, be that as it may, is towards accommodating a Business Education or an Education for Livelihood. Todays training is a vocation arranged instruction. Therefore, numerous Business Colleges have jumped up which should prepare individuals for specific occupations. The information conferred in these schools is somewhat restricted in scope. It is confined to whatever is associated with an exceptional calling or exchange. Despite the fact that specialization should shelter carefulness and proficiency, it has its own disadvantage. The understudies who go in for a Business Education become intolerant. They need resilience and the capacity to comprehend anothers perspective. They study everything from the view purpose of convenience and not for tasteful joy. They will most likely be unable to unwind and appreciate a book for the good of its own in the event that it has no association with their exchange or calling. They may always be unable to enter and appreciate the enchantment districts of craftsmanship and writing. Training for business doesn't urge an understudy to have an independent mind and to build up his inventive and basic resources. As his field of study is tight, he doesn't get an opportunity to make a near report, to pass judgment on the benefits and bad marks of different subjects.

Liberty, Equlaity, Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Freedom, Equlaity, Power - Essay Example They are widely signified in the bill of rights. Prior to the battle for freedom, African American men were not permitted to cast a ballot. In any case, with the fifteenth amendment, they picked up the option to cast a ballot. The feature of balance depends on participation of a network. The new section of correspondence developed through battle for citizenship in the American culture through common developments. Criminal equity approaches been created to change the issue of victimization the minorities in the United States. During the servitude time frame, individuals of the shading were victimized. It was dubious for them to make sure about steady employments much after the finish of subjugation. Great lodging and social administrations were denied inferable from criminal records, which exuded because of laws that had been set up to victimize them. All things considered, insurgency made a space for fairness. The common was an initial entryway for the finish of disparity. In spite of the fact that there was thought that social equality changes would have assisted with completion prejudice and monetary abuse, various types of segregation and misuse developed. This was accomplished through control of law th rough lawful moving, which guaranteed that there were contorted expressions of the law that empowered disparity. For example, in 1896, the well known Supreme Court administering with the expression â€Å"separate however equal† is an ideal model that empowered disparity. This was the situation of Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896). By and by, criminal judges arrangements can be contended to in a roundabout way underwrite the issue of disparity. Mass capture and imprisonment of non-white individuals have been clear. In the year 2007, there were more than 2 million individuals restricted in US jails, however the greater parts were dark and earthy colored individuals. Indeed, the insights demonstrates that one out of three African American men is detained. Furthermore, mass imprisonment is exceptionally

Epidemiological Analysis Of Infectious Disease Term Paper

Epidemiological Analysis Of Infectious Disease Term Paper Epidemiological Analysis Of Infectious Disease â€" Term Paper Example > Epidemiological Analysis of InfluenzaIntroduction: Influenza is referred by medics professionals as flu (Jonathan, 2006). Influenza is an infectious disease (Kawaoka, 2006) caused mostly by RNA viruses, which affect mammals and birds (Lynch Walsh, 2007). The common symptoms of the influenza include sore throat, fever, muscle pains, chills, weakness/fatigue, and general discomfort (Kawaoka, 2006). The most frequent among these symptoms include Sore throat, fever and coughs. In extraneous levels, the disease is a major cause of pneumonia, which results into fatal complications. This is more particularly to the children and the elderly (Lynch Walsh, 2007). This paper provides an analysis of Influenza as an infectious disease. It gives an epidemiological analysis of the disease and derives the impact the respective analysis has had on organizations as well as health providers. Influenza Research StatusMany conditions are confused to be influenza including influenza-like illnesses as the case of a common cold. This has had a major impact on healthcare provision as well as organizations operations calling for more research to clarify the issue (Mack, 2005). Following the analysis, a research was instituted by organizations on influenza including main studies on molecular virology (Lynch Walsh, 2007). The research objective was to verify how the influenza virus produces the disease, that is, pathogenesis, viral genomics, host immune responses (Mack, 2005), and how the disease spreads, (Kawaoka, 2006). These studies have been of great help in the development of the disease countermeasures to develop knowledge on the perfect response of the human body's immune system to influenza helping in the development of the right vaccine. Genome Project that concentrated on Influenza (Jonathan, 2006) is a part of the basic research programs conducted by the organization as an approach to discover the way forward for restraining the virus. It created a library of the virus sequences and clarified some of the factors that contributed to the worsening of the infectious virus (Kawaoka, 2006). Transmission of InfluenzaFrom researches conducted globally, the most established and common influenza transmission is through the air (Jonathan, 2006) mostly when terminated by sneezes and coughs. The respective means of transmission create aerosols that contain the influenza viruses. Influenza transmission can also happen through droppings mostly from infected birds or sometimes-through human nasal secretions (Kawaoka, 2006). Another major cause is from touching contaminated surfaces and not adhering to proper washing of hands (Jonathan, 2006). Airborne aerosols are the major transmission means of the infectious disease and are the high rated means of transmitting the disease. Consequently, the aerosols are the means of transmission that are not understood clearly up to date. Healthcare providers have had a rough time in dealing with patients without a clear pers pective of what they suffer from. There has been a global outcry of doctors dying after an infection of the virus from patients making it complicated on the ethical considerations in the field of healthcare provision. The outcry has brought to light some of the resurgent complains from various departments of healthcare on the safety of the healthcare providers in their process of handling Influenza virus cases and its outcomes when coming into contact with patients (Jonathan, 2006).

Yes. It Was Ethical For Mander To Expose Both The Fbi And

Yes. It was ethical for Mander to expose both the FBI and NSA for their corruption. In choosing his course of action, he did not violate any of the tenets of the Principle of Respect for Persons: he did give every person sympathetic consideration by not rushing to judgement and taking the necessary time to consider the evidence before forming a conclusion. Furthermore, Mander did not treat another individual as a mere possession that was expendable. On the contrary, by exposing the FBI and NSA for their corruption, he ensured the abuse would be uncovered, increasing the likelihood the charges against Raheem would be dropped. By choosing to expose corrupt government agencies, he thoroughly considered the potential repercussions his actions†¦show more content†¦Mander also appears to have sustained his employment and contractual obligation to his employer, Raheem, and ACLU, as he continued to to uphold his ethical responsibilities, conduct his work in an unbiased and uniform manner, look out for the best interests of all parties involved, and reported the truth about his findings. Further, by exposing the NSA and FBI for their corruption, Mander also upheld his professional obligation to both the people of the United States and the digital forensic profession, by reporting any unethical, illegal, or incorrect behavior, upholding the trust of the public, and looking out for their best interests. As for the consequences of his actions Mander likely left himself, Raheem, the ACLU, Cornbelt University, and the digital forensic profession open to gaining a more positive reputation and receiving positive press for alerting the public to the corruption. Beyond the immediate rewards, Mander’s actions have resulted in many positive consequences, for the greatest number of individuals, as in regards to the public, their interests would be met and justice would be served as the agencies would be held accountable for their actions; the reputation of Raheem , Mander, the digital forensic profession, Cornbelt University, and the ACLU would increase and be restored; and most importantly ethical standards and conduct would be upheld. From a Utilitarian perspective, the essentialShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesNoncommercial You may not use this work for commercial purposes (for example, by inserting passages into a book that is sold to students). (3) No Derivative Works You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. An earlier version of the book was published by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Belmont, California USA in 1993 with ISBN number 0-534-17688-7. When Wadsworth decided no longer to print the book, they returned their publishing rights to the original author, Bradley Dowden. The currentRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pagesarrived, and there were several points both before the year 2000 (the collapse of the Soviet Union, the reunification of Germany, the surge of globalization from the mid-1990s) and afterward (9/11, or the global recession of 2008) when one could quite plausibly argue that a new era had begun. A compelling case can be made for viewing the decades of the global scramble for colonies after 1870 as a predictable culmination of the long nineteenth century, which was ushered in by the industrial and political

Walt Disney s Economical Future - 1947 Words

2013 left an incandescent mark for Disney’s economical future thanks to Frozen. The well-respected and highly esteemed company, Walt Disney Pictures, owns the Scandinavian influenced movie. The man himself, Walt Disney, and Roy E. Disney founded Walt Disney Pictures in 1923. It is an American film production company and division of the Walt Disney Studios. The Walt Disney Company is the second largest conglomerate in the world – giving the title of second largest film Production Company to Walt Disney Studios. The movie Frozen was released on November 10th, 2013 in the United States and was later made public to the citizens of the United Kingdom in December 2013. It is Disney’s 53rd animated feature and is the highest grossing†¦show more content†¦From a business to consumer standpoint, the 101st day of release marks the $1 billion dollar mark. IMDb rated it a 7.6 out of 10 and it surpassed the 80% mark from the highly critical – Rotten Tomatoes. Consumers have also provided a meaning for Common Sense Media to give the film a 5 out of 5. The movie is also available on DVD and Blu-Ray. It was released on the 31st of March in 2014 and sold over 500,000 copies in the first few days. By the end of the first three weeks of release, it had sold 1.45 million units – making it the biggest selling movie title of 2014. Due to the flourishing Digital Revolution, digital convergence with Frozen was soon involved. The movie was made available on Febraury 25th, 2014 for digital download via Google Play, Amazon Video, and the iTunes Store – meaning iPads, Tablets, and iPhones everywhere. While Walt Disney Pictures has provided an animated well-oiled machine, it is important to note the factors behind its production. With every film or television programme comes research and strategies. Risk Reduction strategies is quintessential within every television and film related company. Films can fall flat, films can disappoint, sometimes there is no vested interest, and it varies. One must be able to understand the many facets, including and not limited to repetition and formats, audience research, and more. The concept behind repetition and formats is to

Eulogy -Robert Frost Free Essays

Robert Frost Robert Frost once debated whether the world ended in fire, or ice. It is a sad thought that the world will end without him; that the future generations will be privy to such events made for people like Robert. He was an inspirational, American poet who questioned the very core of our beliefs, he chose paths that few had took, and that is why today he is remembered today. We will write a custom essay sample on Eulogy -Robert Frost or any similar topic only for you Order Now Robert Frost was born in San Francisco on March 26, 1874. His family moved to New England when he was eleven; he became interested in reading and writing poetry during his high school years in Lawrence, Massachusetts. He earned his formal degree at the arguably the most prestigious University, Harvard. He later worked through various occupations, ranging from teacher to editor of the Lawrence Sentinel. His first professional poem, â€Å"My Butterfly†, was published on November 8, 1894, in The Independent newspaper. In a 1970 review of The Poetry of Robert Frost, the poet Daniel Hoffman describes Frost’s early work as â€Å"the Puritan ethic turned astonishingly lyrical and enabled to say out loud the sources of its own delight in the world,† and comments on Frost’s career as The American Bard: â€Å"He became a national celebrity, our nearly official Poet Laureate, and a great performer in the tradition of that earlier master of the literary vernacular, Mark Twain. † About Frost, President John F. Kennedy said, â€Å"He has bequeathed his nation a body of imperishable verse from which Americans will forever gain joy and understanding. Though his work is predominantly associated with the life and scenery of New England, and though he was a poet of traditional verse forms and metrics who remained unfalteringly detached from the poetic movements and fashions of his time, Frost is anything but a merely regional or minor poet. The author of searching and often dark medit ations on universal themes he is essentially a modern poet who spoke truthfully in all that encompasses, his work inspired psychological battles inside ourselves, his works were fused with layers of obscurity and irony. Robert Frost lived and taught for many years in Massachusetts and Vermont, and died in Boston on January 29, 1963. Two poems that debatably epitomize what Robert Frost stood for, what he believed in, how he opened the minds of many people to what is; These two poems are ‘fire and ice’, and ‘the road not taken’. The short poem ‘fire and ice’, outlines the familiar question about the destiny of the end of world, wondering if it is more likely to be devastated by fire or ice. People are on both sides of the debate, and Frost introduces the narrator to provide his personal take on the question of the end of the world. The narrator first determines that the world must end in fire after bearing in mind his personal experiences with desire and passion, the emotions of fire. Yet, after considering his experience with â€Å"ice,† or hatred, the narrator acknowledges that ice would be equally destructive. A reading will now be done of the poem: Some say the world will end in fire, Some say in ice. From what I’ve tasted of desire I hold with those who favor fire. But if it had to perish twice, I think I know enough of hate To say that for destruction ice Is also great And would suffice. Only nine lines, this miniature poem is a vivid example of Frost’s concisely ironic literary style. The poem varies between two meter lengths (either eight syllables or four syllables) and uses three collections of interwoven rhymes, based on â€Å"-ire,† â€Å"-ice,† and â€Å"-ate. † In the first two lines of the poem, Frost creates a clear dichotomy between fire and ice and the two groups of people that believe in each element. By using the term â€Å"some† instead of â€Å"I† or â€Å"an individual,† Frost emphasizes that the distinction between the two elements is a universal truth, not just an idea promoted by an individual. In addition to the unavoidable contradiction between fire and ice, these first lines also outline the prerogative that the world will end as a direct result of one of these elements. It is made unclear which element will lead to the destruction of the world, but it is noteworthy to know that these are the only two options given. The poem does not allow for any other possibilities in terms of the world’s fate, just as there are not any other opinions allowed in the black-and-white debate between fire and ice. Remarkably, the two prospects for the world’s destruction correspond directly to a common scientific debate during the time Frost wrote the poem. Much like this poem, scientists also debated the eventual end to the Earth, on one side; some believed the Earth will be destroyed by the burning magma core, incinerating the Earth to nothing, while others believed that a new Ice Age would wither all livings things on the earth’s surface. Instead of preserving a strictly scientific perspective on this debate, Frost introduces a more emotional side, associating passionate desire with fire and hatred with ice. Within this metaphorical view of the two elements, the â€Å"world† can be recognized as a metaphor for and consequently foregrounding to the audience, a relationship. Too much fire and passion can quickly consume a relationship, while cold indifference and hate can be equally destructive Although the first two lines of the poem insist that there can only be a single choice between fire and ice, the narrator further details that a combination or a concurring sequence of both elements would destroy the Earth. Furthermore, the fact that he has had personal experience with both (in the form of desire and hate) reveals that fire and ice are not mutually exclusive, as the first two lines of the poem assert. In fact, though the narrator first concludes that the world will end in fire, he ultimately admits that the world could just as easily end in ice; fire and ice, it seems, are strikingly similar. This further highlights what Frost believes in relationships. That, although a concentration of one emotion, passion or hatred can be destructive he poses that one cannot be without both of them existing. The second poem analysed will be ‘The road not taken’. The narrator comes upon a fork in the road while walking through a yellow wood. He considers both paths and concludes that each one is equally well-travelled and appealing. After choosing a path, the narrator when he will come back to the fork to choose the different path, he later realises this will possibly never happen but that he will only come to new forks (new decisions), his mind then ponders on how different his life would have been if he chose the different path, a reading will now be done. Two roads diverged in a yellow wood, And sorry I could not travel both And be one traveler, long I stood And looked down one as far as I could To where it bent in the undergrowth; Then took the other, as just as fair, And having perhaps the better claim, Because it was grassy and wanted wear; Though as for that the passing there Had worn them really about the same, And both that morning equally lay In leaves no step had trodden black. Oh, I kept the first for another day! Yet knowing how way leads on to way, I doubted if I should ever come back. I shall be telling this with a sigh Somewhere ages and ages hence: Two roads diverged in a wood, and I— I took the one less travelled by, And that has made all the difference. This poem is made up of four stanzas of five lines, each with a rhyme scheme of ABAAB. This poem is one of Frost’s most adored works and is used many times in English studies. Since its publication, many readers have analysed the poem as a nostalgic observation on life choices. The narrator decided to seize the day and express himself as an individual by choosing the road that was â€Å"less travelled by. As a result of this decision, the narrator claims that his life was essentially different, that it would have been had he chosen the well-travelled path. This reading of the poem is tremendously popular because every reader can commiserate with the narrator’s decision: having to choose between two paths without having any knowledge of where each road will lead. Moreover, the narrator†™s decision to choose the â€Å"less travelled† path demonstrates his courage. Rather than taking the safe path that others have travelled, the narrator prefers to make his own way in the world. However, when we look closer at the text of the poem, it becomes clear that such an idealistic analysis is largely inaccurate. The narrator only distinguishes the paths from one another after he has already selected one and travelled many years through life. When he first comes upon the fork in the road, the paths are described as being fundamentally identical. In terms of beauty, both paths are equally â€Å"fair,† and the overall â€Å"†¦passing there / Had worn them really about the same. † It is only as an old man that the narrator looks back on his life and decides to place such importance on this particular decision in his life. During the first three stanzas, the narrator shows no sense of remorse for his decision nor might any acknowledgement that such a decision be important to his life. Yet, as an old man, the narrator attempts to give a sense of order to his past and perhaps explain why certain things happened to him. Of course, the excuse that he took the road â€Å"less travelled by† is false, but the narrator still clings to this decision as a defining moment of his life, not only because of the path that he chose but because he had to make a choice in the first place. So now, we will remember American poet, Robert Frost for his ingenious input into such universal truths and how such knowledge can be extracted from his points of view. He is now gone from this Earth, but let us remember him, for his works, for inspiring us to take the road less taken when we come to our own cross roads, to temper our relationships with fire and ice. With these works, dear Robert has left us with enough knowledge and understanding to replace the hole that he has made. How to cite Eulogy -Robert Frost, Papers

Plant Layout free essay sample

It may be defined as a technique of locating machines, processes and plant services within the factory so as to achieve the right quantity and quality of output at the lowest possible cost of manufacturing. It involves a judicious arrangement of production facilities so that workflow is direct. Principles regarding the plant layout A scientific criterion for determining a good Plant Layout: 1. Integration: Integration of men, money, materials and machines and support services in order to get the optimum output of resources. 2. Cubic space utilization: Utilization of both horizontal and vertical spaces and height is very important to use the space as much as possible. 3. Minimum distance: Minimum travel of men and material should be implemented means; the total distance travel by the men and material should be minimized as much as possible. Further straight line movements should be promoted. 3. Floor: Arranging the floor to move the material/finished products in forward direction towards the final stage. We will write a custom essay sample on Plant Layout or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 4. Maximizing coordination: Entry into and disposal from any department should be in such manner that it s most convenient to the issuing or receiving departments. The layout should be consider as a whole. 5. Minimum flexibility: The layout should be able to modify when necessary. 6. Maximum accessibility: All servicing and maintenance points should be readily accessible. For example; equipment should not be placed against a wall because necessary servicing or maintenance cannot be carried out easily. Further; equipments or other necessary units keep in front of a fuse box will impede the work of the electrician. 7. Safety security: Due consideration to industrial safety methods is necessary. Care must be taken not only of the persons operating the equipment, but also of the passes-by, who may be required to go behind equipment as the back of which may be unsafe. 8. Minimum handling: Reduce the material handling to the minimum. Material being worked on should be kept at working height and never have to be placed on the floor if it is to be lifted later. The following principles also can be taken in to account when planning for a good plant layout; †¢The geographical limitations of the site; Interaction with existing or planned facilities on site such as existing roadways, drainage and utilities routings; †¢Interaction with other plants on site; †¢The need for plant operability and maintainability; †¢The need to locate hazardous materials facilities as far as possible from site boundaries and people living in the local neighborhood; †¢The need to prevent confinement where release of flamm able substances may occur; †¢The need to provide access for emergency services; The need to provide emergency escape routes for on-site personnel; †¢The need to provide acceptable working conditions for operators. PLANT LAYOUT TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES Procedure to identify the necessity of revising existing layout A scientific layout study is a disciplined objective procedure that clearly determines the goals to be attained, collects all relevant facts, thoroughly analyses the data and achieves an improved layout. The following are the steps in studying the feasibility of revising a layout. (i) Objectives of the investigation are to be formulated. ii) Collect the layout drawings of existing plant. (iii) analyze the information available on present layout with the help of flow diagram, process charts, analysis of service activities etc. (iv) develop a new plan of layout by means of improved flow diagram, process charts and final drawing of revised layout. Factors responsible fo r inefficient layout can be Factors responsible for inefficient layout can be : (i) layout planning is entrusted to unqualified/incompetent persons. (ii) various departmental heads are given the responsibility of planning the layout. This leads to unhealthy competition for location and floor space and irrational emphasis on some plant activities. In the absence of any centralized control over layout department makes whatever revisions it fells are necessary with the result that plant operation as a whole suffers form high production costs. (iii) The site selected for the plant may impose restriction on the choice of good layout. Poor site can be characterized by poor rail and road connection, inadequate or no outdoor storage space and no prospect of low cost plant expansion. iv) the choice of unsuitable building may result in high production costs e. g the need of multi-story building may not have been recognized initially. (v) existing layout may not have provisions for future plant expansion. (vi) ineffective sales forecasting and production planning activiti9es may adversely affect an efficient plant layout. (vii) highly specialized plant facilities in a layout imposes limitations of the products the firm can offer in the market. (viii) poor preventive maintenance results in machine breakdown on interruption in production, which further leads to wasteful plant layout revisions. Revising and improving plant Layout To maintain operating efficiently over a period of time, the existing plant layout must ordinarily be modified and improved continuously. There reasons are: (i) Increase in demand of the product may need expansion of manufacturing facilities. Expansion of plant may be due to (a) Output of new products in search of profit prospects e. g manufacture of electronic items, food industry, automobiles etc. periodically revise their existing models styles. b) the horizontally integrated programme can expand only within the field of one main category of products whereas vertically integrated product program can expand to produce as many different products. (c) Plant expansion can be done to produce by-products. A by-product is a commodity the production of which i facilitated by the production of the main line of products e. g chemical products or waste material is considered a potential starting point for a new product gained form the distillation of coal . In industry every end product e. g firms manufacturing leather goods can use waste leather pieces to produce washers,shoe soles etc. Similarly glass waste can be used in and papers. (d) Sometimes there may be excess plant capacity which results in increased production costs. The unused capacity can be used to manufacture new products. This may need some revision of the facilities and layout. (ii) To acquire more plant efficiency by using new technology: the use of advance technology in manufacturing systems may be characterized by increased mechanization, using modern sources of fuel and energy; new development sin process, materials, product design and scientific management . a) increased mechanization implies substitution of machine process for manual process, large capacity machines for smaller ones, and complex mechanical devices for simpler ones. Greater output at lower costs can be achieved by reduction in amount and king of labour required to produce goods. This may be done by elimination of one or more hand operations, increase in speed of machines, etc. (b) fuel and energy development: Technological progr ess can be seen through the use of new and improved forms of power e. g mechanical system of belts, shafts and pulleys is being rapidly by direct electric drive motor. c ) developments in process, material etc. can be judged form the use of automatic chemical process, increased efficiency in use of raw material by producing by products, product design may be improved for reduction in cost of production or attaining greater product simplification. Economy is attained by reducing unnecessary variety in the products. (iii) improving the layout through analysis and work simplification: A progressive management is always on look or improvement in plant facilities to save it from obsolescence. The evils of poor layout are usually concealed† hidden costs†. There may be unnecessary handling, waste motions, delay in storage and other hidden expenses. Factors relevant in the choice of the Layout There some various factors relevant in the choice of the layout 1)Climatic conditions of factors relevant in the choice of the layout 2)Location of the Plant of factors relevant in the choice of the layout 3)Nature of Manufacturing System of factors relevant in the choice of the layout 4)Size of Output of factors relevant in the choice of the layout 5)Nature of the product of factors relevant in the choice of the layout Features of a good Layout The layout of plant can be planned in a number of ways but a good layout should possess some basic characteristics, namely: (i) There should be sufficient space for the workers as well as for the equipment to perform their functions. This will ensure smooth and continuous flow of production process. (ii) Must provide adequate safety and security to workers against accidents or injury e. g. Provision of firefighting equipment, first-aid boxes etc. (iii) Sufficient gang-way space for materials, workers and semi-finished goods. This leads to increase in efficiency. iv) Arrangement of machines and equipment should be such that minimum material handlings necessary for low cost processing. (v) Stores for in-process material should be provided at some convenient place i. e. not far from the place of operations. (vi) Supervision, co-ordination and control of the activity should be effectively and easily executed. (vii) There should be sufficient scope for making adjustments and modifications whenever any need arises i. e. the layout should be flexible. Typical weakness in a poor plant layout The following characteristics are indicative of weaknesses in any layout plan: (i) low production density and under utilization of plant capacity. (ii) lack of flexibility in the plant production facilities. (iii) long processing time due to too many delays, temporary storage, bottle-necks etc. (vi) improper utilization of plant site including inaccessibility to the rail road siding, wasted outdoor area etc. (v) Over-specialization of production facilities. (vi) Improper location and ineffective integration of parts fabrication and subassembly feeder lines with the final assembly lines. vii) Uneconomical material handling. Lack of gravity handling and channelized flow of work. (viii) Costly inspection and difficulty in maintaining quality standards. (ix) Inadequate storage facilities. (x) Equipment and production machinery not accessible for maintenance and repair due to layout. (xi) Poor lighting, ventilation, air cleaning arrangement is in the layout. (xii) Inadequate safety provis ions for workers. Steps in planning the layout for a new enterprise There are some various steps of planning i) The first thing is planning a layout is to study the objectives, production plan and the nature of machines, equipment and manufacturing operations involved in the production process. Select the equipment on the basis of product design and volume of the output to be attained. In other words the layout of the plant should be functional in the production of a specified product at the required rate of output. (ii) Accumulate layout data: machine data cards, machine load charts and templates of equipment. (iii) On the basis of information collected in step (ii) develop process charts which are vital in the development of a sound layout. These charts summaries the production activities that are required to achieve the manufacturing objectives. (iv) Develop an over-all flow plan of operations for efficient processing and materials handling. The best flow of work both horizontal and vertical and the integration of operations form the receipt of the raw materials to storage of finished goods are the objectives to be attained. Process charts. Machine load data, production rate desired etc. should be considered in drafting the plan. (v) The sequence of mechanical operations is studied to fix the position of respective machines performing desired operations. vi) Select best suited type of building and develop a tentative plot plan for the site. The exact specifications of the building are designated only after the layout is developed in considerable detail. (vii) Layout templates or models of individual production machines and space for service activities: materials handling, receiving and shipping, inspection, storage, ma intenance, offices etc. according to flow plan operations. (viii) Decision about the location of services facilities like cafeteria, toilets etc. Inside the plant building is taken, keeping into consideration the requirements of the produciton process and comforts of the workers. (ix) The position of windows, ventilators, electric fittings, drainage of the layout are drawn and the production run is tested. (x) After analyzing all the details in steps (i) to (vii), drawings of the layout are drawings of the layout are drawn and the production run is tested. (xi) Modifications can be done according to the experience of test runs. Model of a layout The model of a layout can be made by studying the operations involved in the production process. i) Key operations are located. (ii) Locate main and minor gangways. These should be preferred near the walls and not across the floor. (iii) Locate the subsidiary equipments viz. rubbish bins, telephones etc. In a good layout packing department should be near to dispatching point whereas inspection place should be located near the windows for proper daylight. In addition to this the followi ng specific points should be kept in mind for the layout of machines: (i) space occupied by a machine must include some overhang space for the travel of any part or for the movement of material. ii) Gangways must be adequate for the collection and delivery of material. (iii) Floor must be strong enough not only to carry the machine load but also to bear the load of semi-finished and finished goods. (iv)Servicing facilities and safety devices must be easily accessible. (v) Sufficient space around the machine must be provided so that operator can move freely to do his work. It should be observed that he layout of an organization has an impact on other functional areas. There is a strange integration between layout planning and other decision areas such as work measurement and method study.

A History of African Music free essay sample

Music Essay African music roots start in every aspect of society. Their culture is formed from there environment hunting but mostly on their tradition. Their music reflects this not only is it entertaining it serves as a way to pass knowledge and stories to the next generation. African music has a variety of different instruments that they use throughout their songs. Music in African culture also has very strong spiritual and religious meanings. The recent history of African musical influence has played a large part in encouraging the current trend toward African musical appreciation. During the 1950s, when the Africans experienced rapid urbanization and a relatively booming economy, the two French-speaking colonies of the Congo area witnessed the birth of an African version of the Cuban rumba played by small American-style orchestras. Some artists that are African are Afro-National, Khaled Agag, Eric Agyeman, and Mahmoud Ahmed. Other than using their voices, which has been developed to use various techniques, they use a wide array of musical instruments are used. We will write a custom essay sample on A History of African Music or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page African musical instruments include a wide range of drums, slit gongs, rattles, double bells, and melodic instruments including string instruments. Other percussion instruments include many rattles and shakers, such as the kosika, rain stick, bells and wood sticks. Also, Africa has lots of other types of drums, and lots of flutes, and lots of stringed and wind instruments. The traditional tribal African music has deep meaning in its lyrics along with its rhythm and beat, its lyrics often tell of struggles, religion, and day to day life. The Africans would perform rituals to try to please the gods, these rituals would include music made by the high priest the instruments used would be tribal drums and a rain stick. The lyrics would be similar to Christian hymns in our modern culture

California Recall Of The Gray Davis Election essays

California Recall Of The Gray Davis Election essays An election held recently to recall California's former governor Gray Davis indeed proved to be a landmark event in the history of the United States of America. Not only was the former governor dismissed from his office but he was ousted by the legendary movie star Arnold Schwarzenegger. "A recall has been part of California's political system since 1911. It provides a mechanism for the public to attempt to remove elected public officials from office before the end of their term of office" (FAQs About According to Kevin Shelly, administrator of the recall, "Election officials from the state's 58 counties reported more than 1.3 million valid signatures, more than the 897,158 needed to trigger the first recall of a governor in California history" (John Mercurio, California Recall Bid For many months people had thought of ousting the governor from his office since he had mismanaged the finances of the state and hid the true dimensions of the problems when he ran the reelection last fall. But the recall soon morphed into something broader an expression of misgivings about the governor and grievances toward the state's In Davis, the recall forces found a vulnerable target. He is widely leader who stumbled badly in the two major tests of his tenure: the and the budget crunch. Through both crises, Davis made time to raise money at a record pace, much of it from donors who stood to profit And after nearly five years in power the governor is associated as vitriolic campaign ads as any of the health and education initiatives (Peter Nicholas And Jeffrey L. Rabin, Los Angeles Times Focuses On Gray Davis was viewed as an indecisive leader since he had performed badly on the two major tests of his career, namely the energy sho...

This paper must demonstrate knowledge of the use of formal & informal Essay

This paper must demonstrate knowledge of the use of formal & informal assessment strategies - Essay Example First it's necessary to determine the assessment. Assessment is the process of observing and measuring learning.1 Assessment provides the professor with the better understanding of what students are learning and ensures that students will learn more of the volume of knowledge necessary for their career while using the added benefits of learning subjects. So the first advantage of the assessment can be defined as providing students with the incentive of learning more carefully. I am absolutely agree with the Taylor's motivation theory that every worker is lazy and should be controlled. The students are also lazy and it's evident that a considerable part of them is motivated by the necessity of passing examinations . In general there are four main functions of assessment: formative assessment, Educative assessment Evaluative assessment, Summative assessment. The value of he formative assessment was pointed by Black and William's 2(1998) paper. They pointed out that the high quality formative assessment has an impact on students learning. In addition, the assessment is useful to dived the students into groups according to their lever of school knowledge. There are some forms of assessment in higher education each with its own disadvantages and advantages. The traditional exams are demonstrably fair because all the students have the same tasks to complete. Another very important advantage is the captaincy that the work which is being assessed is done by he applicant and not by the other people. The disadvantages are that first badly set examinations cause surface learning that means students consciously clearing their minds of one subject as they prepare for exams in the next subject. . In addition, exams tend to evaluate how good are students in answering questions not in learning. In addition, it must be said that this is the most stressful form of assessment. In some cases, another system quiet similar to the previous one is implemented. It is called open book examinations. The major difference is that students are allowed to take reference information this them Such systems have many advantages of traditional exams in addition they check how good are students in using information sources. The next one is essay writing system such system allows seeing individuality and expression of students. But in some cases there is no guarantee that the work was prepared by the candidate himself not by other people. In addition it's the most subjective system of assessment. Essay-marking exercises at workshops on assessment show marked differences between the mark or grade that different assessors award the same essay - even when equipped with clear sets of assessment criteria. The most ancient method of evaluating is oral examination. The most important disadvantage when using

Managing Activities to Achieve Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Managing Activities to Achieve Results - Essay Example The retailing services include online shopping channels, Tesco Direct, tesco.com and Telecoms; Tesco Personal Finance (TPF) (Reuters, 2011). Organisational Structure- Terry Leahy is the CEO of this supermarket chain. David Reid presides as the Chairman of the Board. The business heads in Asia and other global regions report directly to the CEO. Tesco has a multi-divisional organisational structure commonly referred as ‘M-form’. This form suits large firms. Here the firm is divided into a number of divisions with each division in charge of a specific product or a market (Pearson, n.d.). Source: (Pearson, n.d.). Culture- Tesco Plc operates with the primary purpose of value creation for the customers with the aim of earning their lifetime loyalty. The employees of the company work towards creating customer satisfaction by meeting their needs. All the employees work as a single unit i.e. team work forms as essential part of the functioning. There is a sense of respect and tr ust amongst them. The management takes the extra initiative to make it a better work place. The respective managers act as a guide to the workers and render all possible help in making the company a better place to work (Tesco Plc-a, 2011). Mission, Aims & Objectives As already said the aim of the company is â€Å"to create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty†. Tesco follows a consistent and well-established strategy of growth that has enabled it to strengthen itself in its core businesses and expand its businesses in the new markets. The diversification strategy of the company was formulated in the year 1997 and it has served as the basis of its success. They key objectives guiding the strategy of the company are- Establish itself as a successful retailer in the international market. To grow its core businesses in UK. To strengthen itself in the non-food segment. To strengthen its retailing services like Tesco Personal Finance, Tesco.com and Telecoms. To keep community at the centre of all its activities (Tesco Plc-b, 2011). The strategy of the company encompasses six key elements- Be Flexible- The operations of the company are adjusted to suit the unique requirement of the varying regions. Act Local- The operations of the company are tailored by a local staff to conform to the local cultures and local regulations. Focused approach- The company recognises the fact that establishing itself in the local markets is a long term proposition. Use of multi-formats- Tesco’s experience of running a â€Å"mix of stores† can facilitate its entry into multi-formats. The company recognises the fact that it cannot reach the whole market by way of a single format. A complete spectrum ranging from convenience stores to hypermarkets is necessary. Develop capability- Tesco makes sure that it has adequate capabilities in the form of skilled workers and effective & efficient processes and systems. Building brands- The working of the company is guided by the concept of brand building as it feels that brands help in establishing a long lasting relationship with the clients (Tesco Plc-c,

Arguments Against Nuclear Weapons

Arguments Against Nuclear Weapons Nuclear weapons. Without a doubt, the deadliest form of weapon man has ever invented, capable of killing millions of people and annihilating entire cities. They are inhumane weapons that carry catastrophic effects when used which are present for many years after the explosion. Despite this, there are thousands of nuclear weapons in possession of several nations around the world. Even if these weapons of mass destruction were never actually used for the purpose of causing harm, their very existence still carries significant consequences. I firmly believe that the only way to bring an end to the needlessly harmful effects that such weapons carry is a ban on both their use and possession or at least a reduction in countries nuclear arsenal and in this essay I will be explaining why. Obviously, one of the main arguments against the possession and use of nuclear weapons is their devastating effect on both the people and the environment. So far, the only use of nuclear weapons for the purpose of warfare was the USAs use of atomic bombs in Japan during the events of World War 2. These bombs were relatively small compared to the weapons possessed by some nations today, but their use still had catastrophic effects. After the bomb ironically named Little Boy was dropped on Hiroshima, 5 square miles of the city was destroyed, 70,000 80,000 people were immediately and mercilessly killed by the blast. Others died either from the collapsing buildings or from the intense radiation exposure. The suffering did not end there, the increased radiation levels in the area caused a massive increase in the cancer occurrences in people and birth deformities. The environment was also inevitably affected; the radioactive fallout caused plants and wildlife to be affected. While this ma y seem bad, the technological advances in society today has spawned even more destructive and dangerous nuclear weapons that, if used would have effects far worse than what was seen during World War 2. In addition, some scientists hypothesise that a small scale nuclear war between India and Pakistan would result in megatons of black carbon being released into the atmosphere, causing what scientists call a Nuclear Winter. This would lead to global temperatures falling and we would receive 9% less rain every year. This would ultimately cause crop failure worldwide and an estimated 2 billion people would starve. Chemical reactions would also occur in the atmosphere which would thin the Earths ozone layer, which protects us from the suns ultraviolet rays. In a couple of years after the nuclear exchange, the ozone layer would be approximately 20 to 25 percent thinner. The decreased protection from UV radiation from the sun would lead to an increased occurrence of skin cancer in people and a further amount of crop failure. Furthermore, possessing and maintaining nuclear weapons is also very costly, the scientists have high salaries and the materials are expensive. The weapons need to be continuously maintained and money also needs to be spent on waste management. The UK spends an enormous  £2 billion each year on running and maintaining Trident (the UKs nuclear weapon arsenal). That is around the amount spent on the NHS each week. There are also discussions on whether the Trident submarines should be replaced. This would cost around  £100 billion. That is a massive amount of money which could be much better spent on essential services such as healthcare and education. This is especially important considering the financial crisis that the NHS is in which may force them to abandon free healthcare for the public unless they get more funding. Needless to say, this would have a very undesirable effect on the public. One of the most popular arguments for the possession of nuclear weapons is that they are very useful as deterrents and help to maintain peace between nations. In order for the idea of nuclear deterrence to be effective, we must assume that all nation leaders think the best interest of the people of their country. However, it is well known that some nations do not play by this very delicate ruleset. These include terrorist organisations. This is a gamble on millions of human lives that is not worth taking. Because most nuclear threats come from dictatorships and terrorist organisations instead of genuine governments, it would be morally wrong to cold-bloodedly kill tens of thousands of civilians because of the actions of a select few. There is also the risk of accidental firings because of mistakes, errors in calculations or moments of panic. The fact that just one single mistake or irrational decision can take the lives of millions of people is yet another reason why it is wrong for anyone to possess such weaponry. The possession of nuclear weapons also brings about the risk of loss or theft. With the growing nuclear arsenal of nations such as Russia, other nations may find it necessary to upgrade their nuclear arsenal to counteract the possible threat. An increased number of nuclear weapons means a greater risk of them being stolen, lost or even worse, detonated. This issue is becoming increasingly more important with the new president of the United States Donald Trump wanting his countrys nuclear arsenal to be above all else. This nuclear superiority the US desires will surely increase the tension between nations and amplify the risk of a nuclear attack or accident. In conclusion, the possession of nuclear weapons will continue to bring its vast array of disadvantages, whether that be the catastrophic effects that a nuclear weapon explosion could bring. Using valuable money that could be much better spent elsewhere such as in healthcare or education. Or by being the cause of many conflicts and suffering across the world. As long as nations possess nuclear weaponry, they will most likely be used again, either on purpose or by accident. The only way to prevent this would be for nuclear weapons to follow the same fate as chemical and biological weapons and receive a worldwide ban on both their possession and use.

Influenza in New York City :: Journalism Media Studies Influenza Health Essays

Influenza in New York City NEW YORK--The Influenza epidemic arrived in the city last month, and it has remained a constant presence since then. The epidemic, which is now present in most major cities in America, lingers in and around the city, affecting everyone. Dr. Copeland, Health Commissioner Royal, has declared influenza to be a reportable disease. Influenza presents itself in a manner not unlike a cold: runny nose, chills, fever, coughing, sneezing. Influenza is a stronger version of the cold, as it can lead to extreme pain and congestion, and, as we have seen, it can often result in death. Because influenza is so much like the cold, doctors urge all New Yorkers to suspect and prepare for influenza first when these symptoms arise. For their part, city officials have outlawed sneezing, coughing, and spitting in public. Doctors say the disease is spread through expelled mucus and saliva. It is expected that the new municipal codes will help to slow the spread of the disease. While the precautions strike many as odd and unnecessary, doctors insist that being more careful about our fluids will end the epidemic in the city sooner rather than later. Transgressors, along with receiving the disdain of the public, will be fined arrested and fined. Doctors and City officials alike insist that everyone cooperate to contain this disease. City-dwellers will also notice new opening and closing times for bars, restaurants, shops, theaters, businesses, and factories. The Board of Health has begun to regulate hours in order to reduce crowds. Doctors say that smaller crowds of people reduce the chance of the disease being spread. New Yorkers won't be stuck in large crowds of people which may or may not contain sick people. A few Board of Health officials anonymously and jokingly point out that for the first time in modern ages, New Yorkers will enjoy serenity and space when they go into the city. Even when sick people are out and about, smaller crowds will reduce the number of people exposed to the germs. New York remains a large, crowded city even with the restrictions, but Board of Health officials assert that even a small reduction in the number of people will lend to the fight against influenza. City officials are also monitoring travelers, keeping the sick off of trains, buses, and subways.

Slasher Films in the Pakistani Cinema

Pakistan is a developing country that has been struggling for decades in its many eras, ranging from business to the cinema. Despite the tussle, it has managed to develop its film and television industry rapidly. â€Å"Lollywood† is a term that was coined back in the day to glamorously describe the cinema culture of Pakistan. Though, as we all know, in comparison to Bollywood and Hollywood, Lollywood, in majority has not been much popular. Nevertheless, upon profoundly observing the television industry of Pakistan, one learns that it is much more refined and efficacious in contrast to the film sector.Particularly, in the present times, the drama or television industry, as you may call it, is flourishing not just locally but all around the globe, reaching out to many Pakistanis and providing them with twenty four hours of fruitful entertainment. Pakistani Cinema has touched upon a variety of genres which predominantly revolve around documentaries, dramas, thrillers, horror, rom ance and action. This paper will, however, depict and deliberate upon a subgenre of horror films; slasher films in Pakistan.A slasher film is preeminently defined as a horror film which involves the use of an unearthly weapon such as an axe by a psychopathic slaughterer who mainly pertains to aggressively slaying a number of victims. These movies follow specific cinematic techniques where close-ups and special effects are used in a variety of ways, primarily representing women as sexual objects. The conception of showing the â€Å"Final Girl† rescuing herself is the foremost ideology a slasher film ordinarily focuses on.Over the years, Lollywood has managed to accomplish the two most successful horror films using the true slasher and storyline techniques; Zinda Laash (â€Å"Dracula in Pakistan/The Living Corpse†) and Zibah Khana (â€Å"Hell’s Ground†) produced in 1967 and 2007 respectively. It is interesting to know that the recent production; Hellâ€℠¢s Ground makes continuous relations with the thirty year old film; Zinda Laash. However, the two devour excessive amount of differences; in regard to the slasher film techniques and gender based critique which will be discussed in this essay. Dracula in Pakistan† was filmed in the late 60’s; however, when released, it sprang a cascade of fear amongst the Pakistanis. According to (The Indian Express, 2012), a woman from the audience was agonized by a heart attack. It was also the first movie produced in Pakistan to be categorized as â€Å"X-rated† along with being screened at two international film festivals. (IMDB) Zinda Laash is considered as a plagiarized production; an elucidation of Hammer’s Classic â€Å"Dracula. † (The HotSpot Online) The plot begins with a scientist; Dr.Tabani accomplishing his test experiment to gain immortality followed by the introduction of his assistant; a buxom woman who discovers the â€Å"dead body† of the sci entist and decides to store it in a coffin. To her astonishment, the corpse comes to life and she is his first victim. The story continues with a somnolent traveller, Dr. Aqil who does not consider the rumors of the existence of the immortals to be true, entering the mansion of the â€Å"Khabees Rooh†. Though, he soon discovers the veracity and chooses to end the cycle of plague, but is evidently futile.The film further revolves around a Dr. Aqil’s wife-to-be; Shabnam, who is also a victim of Dr. Tabani and how immortality fails her appallingly. As petrifying Zinda Laash might have been in the 60’s, it most certainly isn’t disturbing in relation to the modern day standards. One might find it rigorously monotonous but humorous at the same time as it depicts alluring and peculiar dances by women. Zinda Laash strongly caters to the â€Å"Male Gaze† throughout the hundred minutes of its run time; from the introduction to the climax and the conclusion.T hroughout the course, the audience experiences a range of dance numbers by either one or many women. The initial portrayal of the sexuality of women instigates when the assistant is lured by her â€Å"dead† boss in the middle of the dark hours. The woman is dressed in a knee length night gown with revealed skin and cleavage; identifying her as a sex object. For being a Pakistani production of the 60’s era, the cinematic techniques capturing the body of the woman can definitely be labeled as â€Å"obscene. The attack demonstrates sensuality in the facial expressions of the woman with the sluggish movement of closeness between the victim and the attacker pouring a sense of sexual tension amongst the audience. Followed by the frightening shrieks of the woman, violence against women is highlighted significantly; a woman is powerless in front of a man. Later, as the weary traveller arrives and adjusts comfortably at the mansion after a warm welcome by Dr. Tabani, one notic es Dr. Aqil setting a photo frame of his beloved fiancee he truly misses. Dr.Tabani enters his room to ensure comfort and malignly admires the photo by calling it â€Å"Khoobsurat. † It is enigmatically bizarre how Dr. Tabani ignores to make Dr. Aqil his next victim who is right there and instead wishes to suck blood out of a woman. Malevolent thoughts instantly stutter through the attacker’s head about the woman; further enhancing the violence against women. As the night gets gloomy and murky, one notices Dr. Aqil being effortlessly distracted by the giggles of a woman; the vampire bride. He gets up to follow the chuckles; his facial expressions visibly expose his urge for sexual desire.Discovering the origin of the chortles, Dr. Aqil finds a mysterious female, dancing with â€Å"voluptuous sensuality† (The HotSpot Online) dressed in a lightly lined white dress to attract him towards her. There is undeniably a connotation attached to the actions of the woman in this scene; she uses her sexuality to fulfill her need to feed upon the man for survival. The man finally submits himself to her and is attacked by the vampire bride. This explains how the religion of Islam fears the power of female sexual attraction over men.Imam Ghazali’s interpretation is also highlighted during this part of the film; female aggression is tuned outwards and she sexually entices men. Captivatingly, this occurrence is intermittent by Dr. Tabani; the vampire, who pushes the woman; once again showing the physical power of man over woman. Wretchedly, Dr. Aqil is masticated and is fated to earn immortality. Nonetheless, before fronting his destiny, he tries to put an end to the outrageous veracity by using a â€Å"knife† as the weapon of destruction, but fails terribly. Incongruously, a dance number is presented right after Dr.Aqil becomes a casualty of immortality. This dance sequence is similar to the many others shown during the film at odd intervals. This particular sequence comprised of a woman dancing dressed in a half sleeve top and pants in front of a crowd of men in majority. Vulgarity strikes not only in her clothing this time, but in the movement of her physique in sync with the song lyrics which were chanted by a man as he made hand gestures pointing towards the dancer; â€Å"Udhar Jawani, Idhar Nasha. † The lyrics clearly indicate the drunken men relishing the â€Å"jawaani† of the female performing.The theme of sexuality is reinforced with the entrance of Dr. Aqil’s brother as he is interrupted with another dance number, this time comprising of many women dancing for their own entertainment instead of one woman dancing to entertain a crowd. This dance comprises of Dr. Aqil’s fiancee, Shabnam dressed in shalwar kameez; the national dress of Pakistan, dancing with her friends. However, the fitting of the clothing catered to the male gaze once again. The shirts are of normal length but tremend ously body-hugging from the hip, hence outlining he body shape. These women also wore perfectly winged eyeliners and hair done gracefully, further emphasizing the gender socialization of women; how they are required to dress up. The theme of men giving in for the sexuality of women is reversed when Shabnam desperately waits for Dr. Tabani to suck her blood. On his arrival, Shabnam lies down on her bed in an inviting posture outlining her curvaceous body and reveals her neck; women objectification. Once again, sexual tension is built as Dr. Tabani goes close to her neck and feeds on her.The difference between the earlier attacks and this once is that Shabnam was willingly letting Dr. Tabani feed on her; she felt pleasure. The photograph below shows her exact position on the bed. (The HotSpot Online) There is also a female child in the narrative who Shabnam intends to feed on. The question here evolves as to why there was not a male child instead of a female child named â€Å"Babyâ⠂¬ ? Baby constantly made relations with Shabnam throughout the course of the film, for example, she teased Shabnam by snatching Dr. Aqil’s photograph from her hand and ran away.The film comes towards a climax where the family discovers the Dracula Shabnam who intended to trick Baby and suck her blood out. Shabnam’s brother confronts her as she convinces him to hug her; she decides to feed on him. This plot comes to an end when Aqil’s brother acts as the macho man and pushes Shabnam away and stabs her to death by a dagger. Patriarchy is promoted via this prospect as well. Nonetheless, a dance sequence is a must input at the pinnacle; this time a female wearing a sequin dress entertaining a group of men by dancing. Most importantly, we notice that the dupatta in many of these dance numbers is eliminated.The movie further progresses with the development of an aim to eradicate the immortals by Shabnam’s brother and Dr. Aqil’s brother. Zibah Khaana or Hell’s Ground, on the other hand, follows a completely different narrative with underlining various subjects such as Gender Roles, Social Concerns and Pakistani Culture. It truly depicts the use of slasher film techniques like showing the world from the eyes of the attacker and use of the â€Å"Final Girl† notion. It is an Urdu-English slasher film directed by Omar Khan in only 30 days and has won many awards at Film Festivals around the Globe. Wikipedia) Zibah Khaana is a journey of five teenage friends who decide to take a short cut through a place known as â€Å"Dozakh Pur† to attend a rock concert. On their way, they face many difficulties such as the toxic water, zombies, a daunting hitchhiker, a witch and a man dressed in a burkha with an ancient spiky weapon which makes the movie a modern gore flick. The diversity in characters chosen makes the film even more exhilarating. The movie begins with a boy having an accident upon seeing a Burkha Man standing i n the middle of the road with a medieval weapon.However, the first victim is massacred with a spade, in comparison to Zinda Laash, where the first victim was a woman attacked by fangs. In the case of Hell’s Ground, woman objectification is hardly given any attention. The film sets the surroundings of Pakistan by showing detailed shots about the culture of Pakistan; daily activities. Gender socialization is highlighted when Roxy, a modern American girl is introduced and specifically asks her maid for a â€Å"pink† colored shirt to wear as she has to spend the night at her friend â€Å"Ayesha’s† house.Pakistani culture is further laid stress upon when the maid reacts in astonishment to Roxy, being a girl and spending the night at a friends’ house. Next, a low class Christian boy, Simon is presented with his parents; where the father uses abusive language to degrade his son. In relation to Zinda Laash, here we experience that the wife; Simon’s mother screams back to her husband in support of her child. Patriarchy is not laid stress upon; it does exist but not to a critical extent in the modern day and this is what Zibah Khaana probably aimed to demonstrate.As the introduction progresses, the audience meets the Final Girl, Ayesha. Her first appearance in a traditional shalwar kameez serving her mother tea immediately clicks; she is different from the previous two characters introduced. Once more, the Pakistani Culture and Gender Bias are tinted when Ayesha seeks permission from her mother to go on a â€Å"school trip† for the night. Receiving a hesitant reaction from her mother and commentary upon how her father would be against this act if he were alive, instantaneously converses with the Pakistani audience as to how girls should not be let out for the night.It emphasizes upon traditional beliefs on gender socialization; girls should spend the night at their own house and not elsewhere. However, there are a lot of modern families in today’s time who are also against girls spending the night elsewhere. In the Pakistani society, it is definitely considered as indecent. Inevitably, Ayesha lies to stay out for the night to go to a rock concert. However, her socialization restricts her from doing things that she has been taught are wrong; for example later in the film all her friends smoke hashish, but she doesn’t.Ayesha also wears an â€Å"Allah Hu Akbar† necklace throughout the course of the film. We also observe, upon exiting the house Ayesha gets rid of her books and grabs a pair of jeans and t-shirt to change later for the trip; Ayesha belongs to a local ordinary family. Later, when she changes her attire from a traditional one to modern, her friends are surprised. Roxy, Ayesha, Simon and another boy OJ meet at the ice cream parlor, â€Å"Hot Spot† and wait for the last character of the film; Vicky to arrive with transport. He brings a van with old fashioned Pakist ani Horror Film Paintings, one of which consisted of a plump woman posing.Pointing out the sexuality in the old times; OJ instantly reacts to the painting of the woman as â€Å"sexy. † This shows that young boys are easily drawn towards sexuality with being open about their desires. The friends continue to head out and on their way are disturbed by a group of transgenders while waiting for the traffic signal to go green. An effective use of queer theory has been applied as the reaction of the teenagers is shown. Transgenders are a huge part of the Pakistani society and are treated with disgrace.They are usually perceived as infuriating while they beg at the traffic signals; the reaction of Vicky and the body language of the transgenders have clearly been captured. As the transgenders approached and touched Vicky, his facial expressions stressed upon irritation and repulsion. Youth culture has been shown via sarcastic conversations amongst the five friends. Roxy is an American -Pakistani modern girl who did not hesitate to smoke hashish in comparison to the Final Girl, Ayesha who denies the offer and feels uncomfortable. Roxy and OJ have a conversation about the socio-economic situation of Pakistan.This was amusing to observe as women in the earlier day were not included in such conversations, and today we see a positive change in the role of women. In Roxy’s imaginary world, she â€Å"can’t wait to get out of this sticky shithole. † Use of abusive language by both the genders has been highlighted, which serves as a change in the norm of our society as all such instances are censored by the censor board of Pakistan. Hell’s Ground, was however, successful in mirroring the reality. From zombies, a freaky hitchhiker and a witch to the serial killer in a burkha, Zibah Khana covers it all.Generally, older women are always associated with darkness, magic and evil. Hell’s ground uses the same ideology and uses an unusual strang e woman in the story who is involved in the village killings. The hitchhiker and the main psychopathic killer Burkhaman which the teenagers come across are the old woman’s children. Earlier in the film, the teenagers have managed to escape from the creepy hitchhiker by throwing him out of the van and crushing him in the process. Motherly instincts are shown when the mother finds her injured son and commands the Burkhaman to cut them up into â€Å"botis. The old woman also continuously addressed the Burkhaman as her daughter; further highlighting the use of queer theory. The Burkhaman is in reality a man, but is continuously referred as a female; this is because the old woman always wanted a daughter but never had one. I believe, the use of such a dogma is an indirect reference to the LGBT community in Pakistan. Throughout the film, the serial killer being the main lead remains silent. According to my analogy, it has been done purposely to lay stress upon the fact that societ y wants the LGBT community to remain silent and act as the underdog of the society.Being a slasher film, the plot revolves around The Final Girl throughout. Before the zombie attacks, she senses incongruity but chooses to ignore and stays determined. This is the most ideal strategy used in the production of slasher films. Her psychological turmoil is continuously tested till the very end where she saves herself. In completion, Ayesha is the only individual left who has not been successfully victimized. Slasher films intend to show women in terror, and Zibah Khana explicitly follows this rule. It shows both the women, Roxy and Ayesha, in terror, running for their lives and screaming.The only difference is that Ayesha is the final girl and remains determined to save herself. Another stratagem used in Zibah Khana is the eradication of all the irrelevant characters one by one leaving the Final Girl as the last victim. This is to build tension amongst the audience to experience the rever sal of gender roles. When Ayesha faces the Burkhaman, she fights back for herself and saves herself by getting hold of a spade and a stone, and smashes the head of the man dressed in a Burkha. There is no man to rescue her; she is her own hero. A hidden side of the innocent girl is shown; she makes sure to kill the attacker.Typically, in slasher films, the Final Girl is given intense strength and masculinity all of a sudden with the urge to protect her rather than being dependent upon a man to save the day. There are many differences we observe between the two films. Firstly, we notice that the first victim in Zinda Laash is a woman where she is shown as a sexual object. However, in Zibah Khana, the first victim is a boy; OJ. Secondly, Zibah Khana adopts the technique of showing the world from the attacker’s eyes to its fullest whereas Zinda Laash hardly makes use of it.Thirdly, another distinctive feature of a slasher film is to show women in terror; building the tension and finally reaching the climax. Zibah Khana renders this trepidation to a great extent in comparison to Zinda Laash, where the women feeling fear is shown minimally in comparison to Zibah Khana. Lastly, the concept of Final Girl is completely ignored in Zinda Laash, assuming that Shabnam was the main girl who was expected to save herself and not enter the realm of death; that too by being stabbed by a man. Zibah Khana, on the other hand, stresses all the attention on the Final Girl, Ayesha.In the end she is the only survivor. Horror film is a genre which has come a long way in the Pakistani Cinema. It started off with showing women as sex objects to the girl becoming the main lead and surviving on her own terms. To conclude, I absolutely agree with Omar Khan, the director of Zibah Khana as he claims, â€Å"Horror is at its most effective when it taps into real fears. Our real fears are connected to things that are sensitive politically and difficult to discuss. † (Telegraph, UK , 2007) 3286 Words Bibliography (n. d. ). Retrieved November 27, 2012, from IMDB: http://www. imdb. om/title/tt0360232/trivia Telegraph, UK. (2007, August 11). Retrieved December 4, 2012, from http://www. telegraph. co. uk/culture/film/starsandstories/3667146/Zibahkhana-Beware-zombies-wearing-saris. html The Indian Express. (2012, July 2). Retrieved December 4, 2012, from The Indian Express: http://www. indianexpress. com/news/be-scared-very-scared/969038/0 The HotSpot Online. (n. d. ). Retrieved December 4, 2012, from http://www. thehotspotonline. com/moviespot/bolly/reviews/xyz/zindalaash. htm Wikipedia. (n. d. ). Retrieved December 4, 2012, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Zibahkhana

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